植物の交配について調べていると、「雑種強勢」や「近交弱勢」といった単語をよく見かけます。
雑種強勢とは、生物の品種間で交雑を行うと、両親のどちらよりも体質が良く、健康な固体になるということです。
一方の近交弱製とは、近親交配によって両親よりも体質が弱くなっていくことです。
では、具体的にはどのようにすれば近交弱勢を避けて、雑種強勢をして健康な固体を作ることができるのでしょうか。
その具体的な方法やメカニズムについて見ていきます。
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「雑種強勢」とは
「雑種強勢」とは、遺伝的に異なる両親から生まれた雑種が、両親よりも優れた性質を示す現象のことです。
例えば、トウモロコシの一代雑種は、両親よりも種子の数が多くなります。
これは、雑種が両親から受け継いだ優性遺伝子や対立遺伝子の相互作用によって、生育や生存力、繁殖力などが向上するためです。
雑種強勢は、農業や畜産で品種改良に利用されることが多くあります。
例えば、カイコやニワトリの一代雑種品種は、両親よりも強健で発育がよく、糸量や卵産量も多いです。
また、イネなどの自殖性の作物にも、細胞質雄性不稔という技術を使って一代雑種品種を作ることができます。
しかし、雑種強勢はすべての雑種に現れるわけではありません。
両親の組み合わせによっては、雑種が両親よりも劣る場合もあります。
これを雑種弱勢といいます。また、雑種強勢は一代雑種に最も顕著に現れますが、その後の世代では次第に減少していきます。
以上が「雑種強勢」についての簡単な説明です。
「細胞質雄性不稔」とは
「細胞質雄性不稔」とは、植物の花粉が正常に形成されない現象のことです。
この現象は、細胞質の一部であるミトコンドリアの遺伝子によって引き起こされます。
ミトコンドリアの遺伝子は母親から受け継がれるため、細胞質雄性不稔は母性遺伝する形質です。
細胞質雄性不稔は、植物の品種改良に利用されることがあります。
異なる系統の植物を交配させると、その子孫は両親よりも優れた性質を示すことがあります。
これを雑種強勢といいます。
しかし、植物は自分自身と受粉することが多いため、雑種強勢を維持するのは困難です。
そこで、花粉を作らない細胞質雄性不稔の植物を作り、それに別の系統の花粉を付けて交配させることで、雑種強勢の個体を効率的に作ることができます。
しかし、細胞質雄性不稔はすべての植物に現れるわけではありません。
また、細胞質だけでなく、核の遺伝子にも影響される場合もあります。
核の遺伝子には、細胞質雄性不稔を回復させるものや抑制するものがあります。
これらの遺伝子はメンデル遺伝を示すため、父親からも受け継がれます。
「近交弱勢」とは
「近交弱勢」とは、遺伝的に近い親同士から生まれた子供が、有害な遺伝子の影響で生存や繁殖に不利になる現象です。
例えば、同じ株や兄弟同士で採種を続けると、近交弱勢が起こりやすくなります。
近交弱勢の原因は、劣性遺伝子と呼ばれる隠れた有害な遺伝子が、近親交配によってホモ接合となって表現形質として現れることです。
ホモ接合とは、同じ遺伝子型を持つことを意味します。
例えば、Aとaという2つの対立遺伝子があるとき、AAやaaはホモ接合で、Aaはヘテロ接合です。
近交弱勢の影響は、作物や動物によって異なりますが、一般的には生存率や繁殖力が低下したり、病気にかかりやすくなったりします。
近交弱勢を防ぐためには、遺伝的に多様性の高い個体同士で交配することが重要です。
人間でも「近交弱勢」は起こるの？
人間も「近交弱勢」は起こります。
これは、遺伝的に近い親族同士が結婚や交配をすることで、有害な遺伝子が現れやすくなる現象です。
有害な遺伝子とは、病気や障害を引き起こす可能性のある遺伝子のことです。
人間の遺伝子は、一般に2つの対立遺伝子からなります。
例えば、血液型の遺伝子はA型とB型の対立遺伝子があります。
この場合、A型とB型の組み合わせによって、4種類の血液型（A型、B型、AB型、O型）が生まれます。
しかし、有害な遺伝子は通常、劣性遺伝子と呼ばれるタイプの対立遺伝子です。
劣性遺伝子とは、もう一方の対立遺伝子に隠されて表現されない遺伝子のことです。
例えば、鎌状赤血球症という病気は、鎌状赤血球症の劣性遺伝子を2つ持つ人にしか発症しません。
鎌状赤血球症の劣性遺伝子を1つだけ持つ人は、健康な赤血球を作る優性遺伝子によって病気が隠されています。
しかし、親族同士が結婚や交配をすると、劣性遺伝子を2つ持つ確率が高くなります。
これは、親族同士では共通の祖先から受け継いだ遺伝子が多いためです。
その結果、有害な劣性遺伝子が表現されやすくなり、病気や障害のリスクが高まります。これが「近交弱勢」です。
人間における「近交弱勢」の例としては、以下のようなものがあります。
王族や貴族では、血筋を純化するために親族婚が行われることがありました。
しかし、これによって「近交弱勢」が起こり、先天性欠損や精神障害などの問題が多発しました。
例えば、スペイン王カルロス2世は16世紀から17世紀にかけてのハプスブルク家の末裔でしたが、
彼は6人の祖先から25回も受け継いだ劣性遺伝子を持っていました。
彼は生まれつき顎が突き出ていて食事が困難であり、また、精神的にも不安定で、生涯に子供を作ることができませんでした 。
日本では、江戸時代には村落社会が閉鎖的であり、近親婚が多かったとされます。
これによって「近交弱勢」が起こり、遺伝性疾患の発生率が高くなりました。
例えば、長野県の白馬村では、先天性難聴の遺伝子を持つ人が多く見られました。
これは、白馬村の先祖が同じ家系から来た人が多かったためです 。
近年では、遺伝子検査や家系図の作成などによって、自分の親族と知らずに結婚や交配をすることがあることが明らかになっています。
これは、親族間の距離や縁戚関係が希薄になったためです。
例えば、イギリスでは2008年に、兄妹であることを知らずに結婚して子供をもうけた夫婦の事例が報告されました 。
以上が、「人間の近交弱勢」についての説明です。
どの範囲までが「近交弱勢」に当たるの？
「近交弱勢」に当たる範囲は、一般に親縁係数という指標で測ることができます。
親縁係数とは、2つの個体が共通の祖先を持つ確率のことです。親縁係数が高いほど、近交弱勢のリスクが高くなります。
例えば、兄妹や親子の親縁係数は0.25です。
つまり、兄妹や親子の間に生まれた子供は、4分の1の確率で共通の祖先から受け継いだ遺伝子を持ちます。
この場合、近交弱勢はかなり強く現れる可能性があります。
一方、いとこ同士の親縁係数は0.0625です。
つまり、いとこ同士の間に生まれた子供は、16分の1の確率で共通の祖先から受け継いだ遺伝子を持ちます。
この場合、近交弱勢はあまり現れない可能性があります。
しかし、親縁係数だけでは近交弱勢の範囲を正確に判断することはできません。
近交弱勢は、有害な遺伝子がホモ接合になることで引き起こされる現象ですが、有害な遺伝子の種類や頻度によっても影響が変わります。
例えば、遺伝性疾患の原因となる遺伝子が集団内に多く存在する場合、親縁係数が低くても近交弱勢が起こりやすくなります。
また、近交弱勢は個体レベルだけでなく集団レベルでも起こります。
集団内の遺伝的多様性が低下すると、近交弱勢が増加するだけでなく、環境変化に対する適応能力も低下します。
これは、集団遺伝学でヘテロ接合度という指標で測ることができます。
ヘテロ接合度とは、集団中のランダムサンプルがヘテロ接合（異なる対立遺伝子を持つ）である割合のことです。
ヘテロ接合度が高いほど、集団内の遺伝的多様性が高いと言えます。
「雑種強勢」をして強い個体を作るために
「雑種強勢」とは、遺伝的に異なる両親の間に生まれた雑種が、両親よりも生育や生存力などの性質で優れている現象です。
この現象を利用して、農作物や家畜などの品種改良に役立てることができます。
「雑種強勢」をして強い個体を作るためには、以下のような方法があります。
単交雑：
特定の自殖系統（近交系統）の間で交雑したF1（雑種第一代）の能力を検定する方法です。
多数の単交雑を検定することによって、それぞれの組み合わせ能力（交雑したときに示す性能）を相対的に評価できます。
複交雑：
A×BのF1とC×DのF1を交雑する方法です。
複交雑では、父本として利用されるC×DのF1に実った種子が通常の生産物として販売できるので、種子のコストが低下します。
三系交雑：
A×BのF1と別の自殖系統Eを交雑する方法です。
三系交雑では、母本として利用されるA×BのF1は人工的に除雄するか、
細胞質雄性不稔（花粉を作らない性質）や自家不和合性（同じ個体内で受精しない性質）を利用して自殖を防ぎます。
多系交配：
多くの系統の間の雑種を作る方法です。
雑種強勢を示す性質を利用して、主として収量などの量的形質（数値で表せる形質）の改良に用いられる育種法の一種です。
以上が、「雑種強勢」をして強い個体を作るためにはどうしたら良いかについての説明です。
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「雑種強勢・近交弱勢について。環境に強いF1の作り方」についてのまとめ
雑種強勢とは、遺伝的に異なる両親から生まれた雑種が、両親よりも優れた性質を示す現象のことです。
その一方で近交弱勢とは、遺伝的に近い親同士から生まれた子供が、有害な遺伝子の影響で生存や繁殖に不利になる現象です。
雑種強勢をして強い個体を作るためには、AとBの子であるF1とBとCの子であるF1をかけ合わせたり、F1とその他のEを掛け合わせるなどいくつかの方法があり、そのようにして強い個体が作られています。
その作物の背景まで知ることは難しいですが、「このようにして作られているんだ」ということを知って売り場を回ってみるのも楽しいかもしれませんね。
[quads id=1]
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