「植物は光合成をして自分に必要な栄養素を作り出している」というのは小学校で習うことであり、多くの人が認識している事ですよね。
しかし、植物の中には光合成をやめて生きていく方法を選んだものもいます。
光合成をあえてやめた理由は何なのでしょうか?
光合成をしないで生きてくメカニズムとはどのようなものなのでしょうか。
今日はそんな、「光合成をやめた植物」について詳しく見ていきます。
植物の光合成についてさらに知識を深めたい方は是非参考にしてみてください。
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光合成の仕組み
光合成とは、植物や藻類などの光合成生物が、光エネルギーを化学エネルギーに変換して、二酸化炭素から糖などの有機物を作り出す反応過程のことです。
光合成は、地球上の生命にとって非常に重要な現象であり、物質循環やエネルギー収支に大きな影響を与えています。
光合成の仕組みは、次のように説明できます。
・光合成は、主に植物の葉の中にある葉緑体という細胞小器官で行われます。葉緑体は、緑色の色素であるクロロフィルを含んでおり、光を吸収することができます。
・光合成には、水と二酸化炭素という2つの材料が必要です。水は根から吸い上げられて葉に運ばれます。二酸化炭素は、葉の裏側にある気孔という小さな穴から空気中から取り込まれます。
・光合成では、水と二酸化炭素を使って、酸素と糖という2つのものが作られます。酸素は気孔から空気中に放出されます。糖は植物の体を作るための養分として利用されたり、貯蔵されたりします。
・光合成では、水と二酸化炭素を結合させるために、光エネルギーを使って電子を移動させることが必要です。この電子移動の過程を光化学反応と呼びます。光化学反応では、クロロフィルが光を受けて励起された電子を放出し、その電子が他の分子に伝達されていきます。
・光化学反応では、水から電子を奪って酸素を発生させる反応(水分解反応)と、二酸化炭素から電子を受け取って糖を生成する反応(炭素固定反応)が連動して行われます。水分解反応では、クロロフィルが失った電子を補うために水が分解されます。炭素固定反応では、クロロフィルが放出した電子が最終的に二酸化炭素に渡されて糖が合成されます。
・光化学反応では、2つのタイプのクロロフィル分子(光化学系Iと光化学系II)が協力して電子伝達系を形成します。光化学系IIでは水分解反応が起こり、光化学系Iでは炭素固定反応が起こります。2つの光化学系はそれぞれ異なる波長の光を吸収することで効率的にエネルギー変換を行います。
以上が光合成の仕組みの概要です。
光合成はなぜ凄いのか
光合成は、太陽の光エネルギーを化学エネルギーに変換して、二酸化炭素から糖などの有機物を作り出す反応過程です。
光合成は、地球上の生命にとって非常に重要な現象であり、以下のような理由で凄いと言えます。
・光合成は、地球上の生物のエネルギー源のほとんどを提供しています。植物や藻類などの光合成生物は、光合成で作った有機物を自らの栄養として利用するだけでなく、動物や菌類などの非光合成生物にも食物として供給しています。また、光合成で作られた有機物は、石油や石炭などの化石燃料にも変化することがあります。つまり、光合成は、地球上の生命活動や産業活動に必要なエネルギーを太陽から受け取って地上に蓄積する唯一の方法です4。
・光合成は、地球上の大気や気候を変えました。光合成では、水から電子を奪って酸素を発生させる反応(水分解反応)が起こります。この反応は約28億年前にシアノバクテリア(ラン藻)によって始められました。シアノバクテリアは大量の酸素を大気中に放出し、酸素濃度を上昇させました。このことで、酸素呼吸をする生物が登場することが可能になりました。また、酸素はオゾン層を形成し、紫外線から地表を守る役割も果たしました。さらに、光合成は二酸化炭素を減らすことで温室効果を抑える効果もあります。
・光合成は、非常に複雑で高度な化学反応です。光合成では、水と二酸化炭素を結合させるために、光エネルギーを使って電子を移動させることが必要です。この電子移動の過程を光化学反応と呼びます。光化学反応では、クロロフィルが光を受けて励起された電子を放出し、その電子が他の分子に伝達されていきます。この電子伝達系は非常に高速で正確に行われますが、その仕組みはまだ完全に解明されていません。特に、水分解反応が起こる場所である酸素発生中心(OEC)は最近までその原子レベルでの構造が不明でした。沈建仁教授は2011年にOECの詳細な構造を解明しましたが、これは科学界で大きな注目を集めました。光合成の仕組みを理解することは、人工光合成などの新しいエネルギー技術の開発にも役立つと期待されています。
以上が光合成の凄さについての解説です。
光合成は、太陽エネルギーを地上に蓄積し、生命活動や気候変動に大きな影響を与える反応であり、その仕組みは非常に複雑で高度です。
光合成に関する研究はまだまだ進められており、私たちの未来にも貢献する可能性があります。
光合成をやめた植物はどこから養分を摂取しているのか
光合成をやめた植物は、他の生物から養分を調達する必要があります。
その方法には、大きく分けて2つのタイプがあります。
寄生植物:
他の植物から養分をもらうタイプです。
自分の根を相手の茎や根に食い込ませて、水や無機塩などを吸収します。
例えば、ミツバカズラやヤドリギなどがこのタイプにあたります。
菌従属栄養植物:
植物ではなく、キノコやカビなどの菌類から養分をもらうタイプです。
自分の根に菌類の菌糸を取り込んで消化し、炭素や窒素などを得ます。
例えば、ギンリョウソウやショウキランなどがこのタイプにあたります。
寄生植物は、相手の植物に自らの根を食い込ませて寄生しているので、目で確認できます。
しかし、菌従属栄養植物は、土からボコッと出ているだけで、観察ではさっぱり分かりません。
菌類は目に見えませんから。
菌従属栄養植物は、実は菌類を“だまして”養分を取っています。
普通は植物と菌類の間に共生関係が成り立っているからです。
植物は光合成で作る糖やデンプンなどの炭素化合物を菌類に分け与え、お返しに菌類から水分や窒素、リンなどをもらいます。
しかし交換である以上、お互いに出さなければならないコストがあります。
例えば、植物が菌類にあげる炭素化合物の量は、自分が作った量のうち20%くらいです。
これを節約して相手の資源をもらえれば、それに越したことはありません。
実は、助け合いの裏では植物と菌類のせめぎ合いが起きているのです。
共生関係を続けられるのは、互いに相手を審査できるからです。
これまでの研究で、植物が菌類に分け与える炭素化合物の量を減らすと、菌類も窒素やリンの供給量を減らすことが分かっていて、
この仕組みを制裁機構といいます4。
何らかの方法で菌類の制裁を突破して、一方的に養分をもらうことに成功したのが、菌従属栄養植物です。
そのメカニズムはまだ解明できていません。
以上が光合成をやめた植物の養分摂取方法についての解説です。
光合成をやめた植物は、他の生物との関係を変えて、独自の生き方を選んだと言えます。
具体的な「光合成をやめた植物」
「光合成をやめた植物」とは、光エネルギーを化学エネルギーに変換して、二酸化炭素から有機物を作り出す反応である光合成を行わない植物のことです。
光合成をやめた植物は、他の生物から養分を調達する必要があります。
その方法には、大きく分けて2つのタイプがあります。
タヌキノショクダイ:
菌従属栄養植物で、キノコと見紛うような白い花を咲かせます。
長芋などのヤマノイモの仲間に近縁です。
ギンリョウソウ:
菌従属栄養植物で、透明感のある黄色い花を咲かせます。
オオバコ科に属します。
ショウキラン:
菌従属栄養植物で、赤い筒状の花を咲かせます。
ラン科に属します。
ホテイラン:
部分的菌従属栄養植物で、葉で光合成も行います。
白い花弁と赤い唇弁が特徴的な花を咲かせます。
ラン科に属します。
ラフレシア:
寄生植物で、ブドウ科のミツバカズラに寄生します。
直径1mほどにもなる巨大な赤い花を咲かせます。
ラフレシア科に属します。
以上が「光合成をやめた植物」の具体的な例です。
ギョリンソウはキノコではないの?
ギョリンソウは、正式にはギンリョウソウ(銀竜草)という名前の植物です。
白くて透明感のある姿がキノコに似ていますが、実はツツジ科の一種で、花や果実も作ります。
ギンリョウソウは、光合成をしない腐生植物で、腐葉土の養分を分解する菌と共生して成長します。
そのため、葉緑素がなく、白い色をしています。
ギンリョウソウは、昔は学者の間でも「植物なのか、菌類なのか」と論争があったそうです。
しかし、DNA分析などの技術の発展により、植物であることが確認されました。
以上がギョリンソウ(ギンリョウソウ)がキノコではない理由の解説です。
ギンリョウソウは、光合成をやめて菌類と共生する不思議な植物です。
キノコの定義
菌類と植物は、どちらも真核生物に属する生物の大きな分類群ですが、以下のような違いがあります。
植物は、光合成を行うことで、無機物から有機物を合成することができる独立栄養生物です。
つまり、自分で自分の養分を作ることができます。
植物は、葉緑体という細胞小器官を持っており、そこで太陽の光エネルギーを利用して二酸化炭素や水から糖や酸素を作ります。
菌類は、光合成を行わないことで、他の生物が作った有機物を利用することで生きる従属栄養生物です。
つまり、他の生物から自分の養分を得る必要があります。
菌類は、外部に分解酵素を分泌して有機物を消化し、細胞表面から吸収します。
この点は、菌類と動物に共通する特徴です。
動物も他の生物から養分を得る従属栄養生物ですが、菌類と違って体内で消化します。
植物は、細胞壁にセルロースという多糖類を含んでいます。
セルロースは強度が高くて水に溶けないため、細胞壁は植物に形や支持力を与えます。
菌類は、細胞壁にキチンという多糖類を含んでいます。キチンは昆虫や甲殻類の外骨格にも含まれる硬い物質で、細胞壁は菌類に保護や弾力性を与えます。
動物もキチンを外骨格や爪などに使っています。
植物は、多細胞体を持つものがほとんどです。
多細胞体は、根や茎や葉などの明確な器官に分化しています。
これらの器官はそれぞれ異なる役割を果たします。
菌類は、単細胞性のものも多くありますが、多細胞性のものもあります。
多細胞性のものは、菌糸という糸状の細胞列からなります。菌糸は特定の器官に分化しないまま広がっていきます。
動物も多細胞性であり、器官に分化しています。
植物は、有性生殖と無性生殖の両方を行うことができます。
有性生殖では、花粉と胚珠が受粉して種子を形成します。
種子から新しい個体が発芽します。
無性生殖では、茎や葉や根などの部分から新しい個体が分離して発生します。
菌類は、有性生殖と無性生殖の両方を行うことができます。
有性生殖では、菌糸や胞子が接合して新しい個体を形成します。
無性生殖では、菌糸や胞子が分裂して新しい個体を形成します。
動物はほとんどが有性生殖を行いますが、無性生殖を行うものもあります。
以上が菌類の定義と植物の定義の比較です。
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「光合成をやめた植物。栄養を作り出すメカニズムとは」についてのまとめ
光合成をやめた植物は具体的には「ギョリンソウ」や「タヌキノショクダイ」が挙げられ、
その見た目は葉緑素を持たない事や葉を持たないことで特徴的なものとなっています。
光合成をやめた植物は他の生物から養分を貰う必要があり、植物から養分を貰ったりキノコやカビなどから養分を貰うものもいます。
光合成をやめた独自の生き方を選んだ植物は、様々なストレスなどからそのような選択をしていったのかもしれませんね。
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