鳥足状複葉とは。植物の色々な葉の付き方

鳥足状複葉とはどんな葉の形なのでしょうか。

多くの植物を観察していると、その種類によって様々な色や形、大きさや香りなどの違いがあるのが分かると思います。
葉を見てみてもその特徴は色々あります。
形、付き方、広がりかた、大きさなども植物の種類によって様々です。

今日はそんな、葉の付き方のひとつである「鳥足状複葉」について見ていきます。

鳥足状複葉とはどんな付き方なのか。どんなメリットはあるのか、どんな植物が「鳥足状複葉」になるのかなどを見ていきますので、
植物の葉について詳しく知りたい方は是非見てみてください。

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「鳥足状複葉」ってどんな付き方?

鳥足状複葉は、掌状複葉の一種であるため、小葉はすべて同じ位置から出ています。
最下側の小葉がさらに分岐して小葉をつけます。この分岐した小葉柄は、鳥の足の指のように見えることから、鳥足状と呼ばれます。

最下側の小葉以外は通常の掌状複葉と同じです。つまり、小托葉や頂小葉などはありません。
分岐した小葉柄につく小葉は、通常3枚以上です。また、それぞれの小葉は単純な形をしています。

中央の縦線が 葉柄 、上部の斜線が 葉軸 、下部の横線が 小葉柄 、丸印が 小托葉 、四角印が 小葉 を表しています。
最下側の小托葉から出ている2本の小葉柄が鳥足状になっていることがわかります。

 

「鳥足状複葉」のメリットは?

植物が鳥足状複葉を付けるメリットについて、以下のように説明できます。

鳥足状複葉は、掌状複葉の一種で、最下側の小葉がさらに分岐して小葉をつける形の複葉です。
植物の分類上ではユリ科やボタン科などに多く見られます。
鳥足状複葉のメリットは、主に以下の2点です。

 

光合成効率の向上:

鳥足状複葉は、小葉が多くなることで、表面積が増え、光合成に必要な光エネルギーを多く受け取ることができます。
また、小葉が分散することで、光の当たり方が均一になり、光合成の効率も高まります。
さらに、小葉が分岐することで、空気の流れが良くなり、気孔からの水分の蒸散も抑えられます。

 

小葉とは

小葉は、以下のような特徴を持ちます。

小葉は、茎の突起に由来したと考えられる単純な葉で、大葉は茎と対等と考えられるものが葉となったとみられる複雑な葉とは異なります。
葉脈が1本しかなく、茎から出るときに葉隙(茎の維管束が分岐する隙間)を生じません。

大葉は、葉脈が多数あり、茎から出るときに葉隙を生じます。
小葉は、背腹性や左右相称性を示さず、扁平化や癒合などの変形を受けません。

大葉は、背腹性や左右相称性を示し、扁平化や癒合などの変形を受けます。

 

適応能力の向上:

鳥足状複葉は、小葉が分岐することで、様々な環境に対応できるようになります。
例えば、アマチャヅルは鳥足状複葉を持つつる性植物で、強壮や強精などの効果があるとされています。
アマチャヅルは、鳥足状複葉を使って他の植物に巻き付いたり、地面に這ったりして生育します。

このように、鳥足状複葉は、植物が生存競争に勝つための戦略として進化したと考えられます。

 

「鳥足状複葉」を持つ植物

「鳥足状複葉」を持つ植物は、掌状複葉の最下側の小葉がさらに分岐して小葉をつける形の複葉で、鳥の足のように見えることからこの名前がついたものです。
鳥足状複葉は、植物の分類上ではユリ科やボタン科などに多く見られます。

鳥足状複葉を持つ植物の種類としては、以下のようなものがあります。

 

マムシグサ:

ユリ科の多年草で、筒状の大きな苞(ほう)を持ちます。
苞の中には細長い花が咲きます。
毒性があり、触るとかぶれることがあります。

マムシグサは、サトイモ科テンナンショウ属の多年草で、有毒植物です。
北海道から九州にかけて分布し、山地や原野の湿った林床に生えます。
高さは50 – 60センチメートルになります。

マムシグサの特徴は、以下のようになります。

・葉は2個あり、鳥足状複葉と呼ばれる形をしています。小葉は7個から15個つき、細長い楕円形で鋸歯があります。
・花は晩春に咲きます。筒状の大きな苞(仏炎苞)が目立ち、中には細長い花(肉穂花序)が立ちます。苞は紫色や緑色で白線があります。
・雌雄異株で、雄花と雌花が別の株に咲きます。受粉はハエが仲介します。仏炎苞の中に入ったハエは花粉を体につけて、雄花から雌花へと移動します。
・性転換する能力を持ちます。雄株から雌株へ、または雌株から雄株へと変化することがあります。これは生育環境によって適応するための戦略と考えられます。
・果実は秋に橙色から赤色に熟し、トウモロコシのような形をしています。
・球根は平たい円形で地下にあります。茎の下部には紫褐色のまだら模様があります。

マムシグサの毒性は、全草にシュウ酸カルシウムの針状結晶やサポニンなどが含まれるため、触るとかぶれたり、
食べると激しい痛みや下痢などを起こしたりします。
特に球根の毒性が強く、誤って食べると死亡することもあります。

そのため、食用や薬用にする場合は毒抜きをしなければなりません。

 

ウラシマソウ:

ユリ科の多年草で、マムシグサに似ていますが、苞が小さくて白色です。
花茎の先端には長いひげ状の部分があります。

ウラシマソウは、サトイモ科テンナンショウ属の多年草で、日本固有種です。北海道から九州にかけて分布し、明るい林縁や林床に自生します。
高さは30~80センチメートルになります。

ウラシマソウの特徴は、以下のようになります。

・葉は1~2個あり、鳥足状複葉と呼ばれる形をしています。小葉は11~17個つき、細長い楕円形で鋸歯があります。
・花は3~5月に咲きます。筒状の大きな苞(仏炎苞)が目立ち、中には細長い花(肉穂花序)が立ちます。苞は紫色や緑色などで変異があり、内面には白条があります。
・花序の先端には長いひげ状の部分(付属体)があり、これが和名の由来(浦島太郎が持っている釣り竿の釣り糸に見立てた)とされています。
・雌雄異株で、雄花と雌花が別の株に咲きます。受粉はハエが仲介します。仏炎苞の中に入ったハエは花粉を体につけて、雄花から雌花へと移動します。
・性転換する能力を持ちます。雄株から雌株へ、または雌株から雄株へと変化することがあります。これは生育環境によって適応するための戦略と考えられます。
・果実は秋に橙色から赤色に熟し、トウモロコシのような形をしています。
・球根は平たい円形で地下にあります。茎の下部には紫褐色のまだら模様があります。

ウラシマソウの毒性は、全草にシュウ酸カルシウムの針状結晶やサポニンなどが含まれるため、触るとかぶれたり、
食べると激しい痛みや下痢などを起こしたりします。
特に球根の毒性が強く、誤って食べると死亡することもあります。

そのため、食用や薬用にする場合は毒抜きをしなければなりません。

 

ヤブガラシ:

ブドウ科のつる性植物で、赤い実をつけます。
小葉は5枚から7枚で、鋸歯があります。

・茎は自立できず、他の植物に巻き付いて伸びます。長さは2~3メートルになります。
・葉は5枚の小葉からなる鳥足状複葉で、互生します。小葉は縁に鋸歯があり、先が尖っています。
・花期は6~9月で、葉腋から花柄を出して淡緑色の小花を多数つけます。花は4枚の花弁と4本の雄蕊と1本の雌蕊がありますが、花弁と雄蕊はすぐに散ってしまいます。残った雌蕊と花盤(盤状の花托)はオレンジ色になり、蜜が豊富に分泌されます。
・雌雄異株で、雄花と雌花が別の株に咲きます。受粉はハチやハエなどの昆虫が仲介します。
・果実は球状の液果で、熟すと黒色になります。中には1個の種子が入ります。
・地下に太い根茎があり、地中を横に這って広がります。

ヤブガラシの生態や利用法は、以下のようになります。

・ヤブガラシは生命力が強く、地下茎や茎の切れ端からも再生します。そのため、駆除が困難な雑草として知られています。
・ヤブガラシは関東以北ではほとんど結実しませんが、中部以西では種子をつけることがあります。これは関東以北のものが三倍体で中部以西のものが二倍体だからだと考えられています。
・ヤブガラシは同種や他種の植物に巻き付く際に、接触化学識別(味覚)を使って判断していることが研究で明らかになっています。ヤブガラシはシュウ酸を含む同種を避けて他種に巻き付くことで、生存競争に勝つ戦略をとっていると考えられています 。
・ヤブガラシは食用や薬用にすることもできます。若芽や茎はアク抜きをしてから和え物や煮物などにすることができます。味は山菜系でぬめりや辛みがあります 。根茎は漢方名で烏歛苺(ウレンボ)といい、利尿・解毒・鎮痛などの効能があります2。

以上がヤブガラシについての詳しい解説です。

 

アマチャヅル:

ウリ科のつる性植物で、白い花を咲かせます。
小葉は3枚から5枚で、裏面に毛があります。

アマチャヅルは、ウリ科アマチャヅル属のつる性の多年草で、日本や中国、東南アジアなどに広く分布しています。
葉を噛むと甘みを感じることから、甘茶蔓という名前がつきました。
飲用や薬用に健康茶として利用されることがあります。

アマチャヅルの特徴は、以下のようになります。

・茎は自立できず、他の植物に巻き付いて伸びます。長さは2~5メートルになります。
・葉は互生し、鳥足状複葉と呼ばれる形をしています。小葉は3~7枚つき、菱形から狭卵楕円形をしており、縁に鋸歯があります。葉面には細かい白毛があり、凹凸があります。
・花期は8~9月で、葉腋から房状の円錐花序を出し、黄緑色から淡緑色の小さな星状の花が咲きます。花冠は5裂し、花弁の先は鋭くとがります。
・雌雄異株で、雄花と雌花が別の株に咲きます。受粉はハチやハエなどの昆虫が仲介します。
・果実は球状の液果で、熟すと黒色になります。中には1個の種子が入ります。
・地下に太い根茎があり、地中を横に這って広がります。

アマチャヅルの利用法は、以下のようになります。

・アマチャヅルの茎や葉にはサポニンという成分が含まれており、水や油で泡立つ性質があります。このため、洗濯用の洗剤やシャンプーとして使われることもあります 。
・アマチャヅルの茎や葉は天日干しにしてお茶として飲むことができます。甘みや苦みがあり、ストレスや肩こりなどに効果があると言われています。また、人参に含まれるジンセノサイドという成分と同じものを含んでおり、滋養強壮や咳止めなどにも利用されます。
・アマチャヅルの若芽や茎は食用にすることもできます。アク抜きをしてから和え物や煮物などにすることができます。山菜系の味でぬめりや辛みがあります。

 

ゴヨウイチゴ:

バラ科の多年草で、赤い実をつけます。
小葉は5枚で、裏面に白い毛があります。

ゴヨウイチゴは、バラ科キイチゴ属の多年草で、つる性の落葉低木です。
日本の本州の中部以北に分布し、亜高山帯の針葉樹林帯の林床に自生します。

ゴヨウイチゴの特徴は、以下のようになります。

・茎は自立できず、他の植物に巻き付いて伸びます。長さは10~20センチメートルになります。
・葉は互生し、鳥足状複葉と呼ばれる形をしています。小葉は5枚つき、縁に鋸歯があります。葉裏には白い毛があります。
・花期は6~7月で、葉腋から花柄を出して淡緑色の小花を多数つけます123。花冠は5裂し、花弁は白色で倒卵形をしています。
・雌雄異株で、雄花と雌花が別の株に咲きます。受粉はハチやハエなどの昆虫が仲介します。
・果実は球状の液果で、熟すと赤色になります。中には1個の種子が入ります。
・地下に太い根茎があり、地中を横に這って広がります。

ゴヨウイチゴの利用法は、以下のようになります。

・ゴヨウイチゴの果実は食用にすることができます。甘酸っぱい味で、ジャムやジュースなどに加工されることもあります 。
・ゴヨウイチゴの根茎は漢方名で五葉苺(ゴヨウイチゴ)といい、利尿・解毒・鎮痛などの効能があります 。
・ゴヨウイチゴの若芽や茎は食用にすることもできます。アク抜きをしてから和え物や煮物などにすることができます2 。山菜系の味でぬめりや辛みがあります 。

以上が「鳥足状複葉」を持つ植物の種類についての解説です。

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「鳥足状複葉とは。植物の色々な葉の付き方」についてのまとめ

鳥足状複葉は、植物を良く観察してみると意外と身近にある葉の形で、
特にヤブガラシなんかは街路樹が植わっている植え込みや、公園の隅などに行けばよく見ることができます。

花を見て「綺麗」だと思うことや、季節を感じることは多いと思いますが、
道に生えている草の葉や、その特徴について見てみるのも面白いかもしれませんよ。

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