「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」との言葉は聞いたことありますでしょうか？
図鑑やインターネット、植物園などで何となく目にして、その時は「海外から入ってきた植物の事だな」って何となくの理解はできるのですが、
いざ説明するとなると自信をもって説明できないのが「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」などの少し専門的な植物用語です。
今日はそんな「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」についてそれぞれの意味と違いについて詳しく見ていきます。
普段身近に見ている植物でも「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」であるものがあるので、
この記事を読めば普段のお散歩での植物の見方が変わるかもしれません。
「史前帰化植物」とは
「史前帰化植物」とは、有史以前に稲や麦などの栽培植物とともに日本にもたらされた帰化植物のことです。
ナズナ、ヤエムグラ、スベリヒユなど、水田や畑の耕地雑草が多く含まれます。
これらの植物は東南アジアで栽培されてきた水田の雑草として適応した植物群であり、水田稲作に伴って伝播してきました。
春に芽生え、夏から秋にかけて結実する南方系の植物であり、水田耕作のサイクルに見事に対応しています。
※有史以前：文字が使用される以前のことで、記録が残される以前の事を指す。おおよそ720～800年前
身近に見られる「史前帰化植物」
身近に見られる「史前帰化植物」の種類には、以下のようなものがあります。
ヨモギ：
日本では古くから食用や薬用に利用されてきた植物ですが、原産地はユーラシア大陸で、稲作とともに日本に伝わったと考えられています。
イヌタデ：
水田や畑の雑草としてよく見られますが、原産地はヨーロッパや西アジアで、稲や麦の種子に混入して日本に持ち込まれたと考えられています。
チガヤ：
乾燥した茎葉は編物や屋根ふきなどに利用されますが、原産地はヨーロッパや北アフリカで、古代ローマ時代から栽培されていた植物です。
日本には江戸時代初期にオランダ船から持ち込まれたと考えられています。
エノコログサ：
水田や道端の雑草としてよく見られますが、原産地はヨーロッパや西アジアで、稲作とともに日本に伝わったと考えられています。
ナズナ：
春の七草の一つとして親しまれていますが、原産地はヨーロッパや西アジアで、稲作とともに日本に伝わったと考えられています。
タネツケバナ：
花壇や切り花などに利用されますが、原産地は南アメリカで、江戸時代末期にオランダ船から持ち込まれたと考えられています。
カモジグサ：
水田や湿地の雑草としてよく見られますが、原産地はヨーロッパや西アジアで、稲作とともに日本に伝わったと考えられています。
以上のように、「史前帰化植物」は私たちの身近な植物の中に多く存在しており、日本の自然や文化に影響を与えてきた植物です。
「帰化植物」とは
「帰化植物」とは、外国から人の手によって持ち込まれ、野外で勝手に生育するようになった植物のことです。
帰化植物は外来種の一種ですが、意図的に持ち込まれたものも非意図的に持ち込まれたものも含まれます。
日本では約1200種の帰化植物が確認されています。
帰化植物は、日本の自然や文化に影響を与えることがあります。
例えば、セイヨウタンポポやシロツメクサは春の風物詩として親しまれていますが、これらはヨーロッパ原産の帰化植物です。
一方で、セイタカアワダチソウやブタクサは花粉症の原因となる帰化植物です。
また、マツヨイグサは南アメリカ原産の帰化植物で、夜に白い花を咲かせることから夏の風情を感じさせますが、在来種の植物と競合したり、生態系に影響を与えたりする可能性があります。
帰化植物は、人間の活動や環境変化に適応しやすい特徴を持っています。
例えば、ナガミヒナゲシはイギリス原産の帰化植物で、1961年に東京都で初めて確認されましたが、2000年以降に全国へ爆発的に拡散しました。
これは、ナガミヒナゲシが乾燥や寒さに強く、種子が風や水によって運ばれやすいことなどが理由と考えられています。
以上のように、「帰化植物」は私たちの身近な植物の中に多く存在しており、日本の自然や文化にさまざまな影響を与えている植物です。
身近に見られる「帰化植物」
身近に見られる「帰化植物」の種類はたくさんありますが、ここでは代表的なものをいくつか紹介します。
セイヨウタンポポ：
ヨーロッパ原産の帰化植物で、春に黄色い花を咲かせます。
花が終わると綿毛になって風に飛ばされて種子を散布します。道端や草地、畑などによく見られます。
シロツメクサ：
ヨーロッパ原産の帰化植物で、白い花を咲かせます。
花は四つの花弁からなりますが、まれに五つや六つの花弁を持つものもあります。芝生や牧草地、道端などによく見られます。
セイタカアワダチソウ：
北アメリカ原産の帰化植物で、秋に紫色の花を咲かせます。
高さは1メートル以上にもなります。花粉症の原因となることで有名です。
道路沿いや空き地、河川敷などによく見られます。
ブタクサ：
北アメリカ原産の帰化植物で、夏から秋にかけて白い小さな花を咲かせます。
高さは30センチメートルほどです。
花粉症の原因となることで有名です。畑や空き地、道端などによく見られます。
マツヨイグサ：
南アメリカ原産の帰化植物で、夏から秋にかけて白い大きな花を咲かせます。
夜に開花し、香りが強くなります。
高さは1メートルほどです。在来種の植物と競合したり、生態系に影響を与えたりする可能性があります。
以上のように、「帰化植物」は身近な場所で見られる植物ですが、その中には日本の自然や人間の健康に影響を与えるものも含まれています。
帰化植物を観察するときは、その特徴や生態、由来などを知るとより楽しめると思います。
「外来植物」とは
「外来植物」とは、もともとその地域に生息していなかったのに、人間の活動によって他の地域から持ち込まれた植物のことを指します。外来植物の中には、在来種との競争や交雑、生態系への影響などで問題を引き起こすものがあります。そのような外来植物は「特定外来生物」として法律で指定され、輸入や栽培、運搬、野外への放出などが禁止されています。
「特定外来生物」に指定されている植物は以下のようなものがあります。
ナルトサワギク：
北アメリカ原産のキク科の植物で、黄色い花を咲かせます。
牧草などに混ざって日本に持ち込まれたとされます。
草食動物に有害な毒を持ち、家畜が中毒を起こすことがあります。
ミズヒマワリ：
南アメリカ原産のキク科の植物で、水面に浮かびます。
アクアリウム用に日本に持ち込まれたとされます。
水面を覆って水路の流れを妨げたり、在来種を駆逐したりします。
ブラジルチドメグサ：
南アメリカ原産のアリノトウグサ科の植物で、水辺に生えます。
アクアリウム用に日本に持ち込まれたとされます。
切れた茎からも繁殖しやすく、在来種を駆逐したりします。
オオキンケイギク：
北アメリカ原産のキク科の植物で、黄色い花を咲かせます。
鑑賞用や緑化用に日本に持ち込まれたとされます。
繁殖力が強く、在来種を駆逐したりします。
オオフサモ：
南アメリカ原産のアリノトウグサ科の植物で、水辺に生えます。
アクアリウム用やビオトープ用に日本に持ち込まれたとされます。
繁殖力が強く、水路の流れを妨げたり、在来種を駆逐したりします。
以上のように、「外来植物」は見た目が美しいものもありますが、その裏では日本の自然や人間の生活に影響を与えるものも含まれています。
「外来植物」を観察するときは、その特徴や生態、由来などを知るとより楽しめると思いますが、
「特定外来生物」は法律で禁止されているものなので注意しましょう。
身近ミニられる「外来植物」
身近に見られる「外来植物」の種類はたくさんありますが、ここでは一部を紹介します。
シロツメクサ：
ヨーロッパ原産のマメ科の植物で、白い花を咲かせます。
日本には明治時代に観賞用や牧草用に持ち込まれました。
道路や公園などの芝生に広く分布しています。
セイヨウタンポポ：
ヨーロッパ原産のキク科の植物で、黄色い花を咲かせます。
日本には明治時代に園芸用として持ち込まれました。
道端や空き地などに広く分布しています。
蜜源植物として養蜂業に利用されていますが、在来のタンポポと交雑してしまうことが問題視されています。
以上のように、身近な外来植物は見た目がかわいいものもありますが、その裏では日本の自然や人間の生活に影響を与えるものも含まれています。
「外来植物」を観察するときは、その特徴や生態、由来などを知るとより楽しめると思いますが、
「特定外来生物」や「重点対策外来種」は法律で規制されているものなので注意しましょう。
「帰化植物」「外来植物」の違い
「帰化植物」と「外来植物」の違いは、以下のように説明できます。
「帰化植物」は、人為的な手段で持ち込まれた植物のうちで、野外で勝手に生育するようになったもの。
「外来植物」は、国外から導入された植物1で、帰化植物も含まれるが、栽培されているものや野生化していないものも含まれる。
つまり、「帰化植物」は「外来植物」の一部であり、「外来植物」は「帰化植物」よりも広い範囲を指すと言えます。
例えば、チューリップやマリーゴールドなどの園芸植物は外来植物ですが、帰化植物ではありません。
一方、シロツメクサやセイヨウタンポポなどの雑草は外来植物であり、帰化植物でもあります。
また、「史前帰化植物」という言葉もありますが、これは有史以前に農耕文化とともに渡来したと考えられる植物を指します。
例えば、キショウブやハマダイコンなどがその例です。
これらは古くから日本に定着しているため、帰化植物とは区別されることがあります。
「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」は生態系に悪影響なのか
「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」に分類される植物が生態系に悪影響を及ぼすかどうかは、種や場所によって異なりますが、
一般的には以下のような問題が指摘されています。
・在来の植物や動物との競争や捕食によって、生物多様性や生態系サービスが低下する。
・群落の組成や構造を変化させて、偏向遷移や侵略遷移を引き起こす。
・水質汚染や感染症の媒介などの人間の健康や生活に影響する。
特に、草原は攪乱依存型の外来植物にとって最適な生育環境であり、半自然草原や畦畔草地などでは外来植物の侵入・定着が問題となっています。
例えば、霧ヶ峰高原では、ヘラバヒメジョオンやメマツヨイグサなどの外来植物が在来の草本を減少させたり、
オオハンゴンソウやオオキンケイギクなどの特定外来生物が在来の湿原を圧迫したりしています。
このような草原を保全・再生するためには、適切な刈り取り管理や駆除事業などが必要です。
「「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」の違い」についてのまとめ
「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」はそれぞれ以下のように定義されています。
「史前帰化植物」：有史以前に農耕文化とともに渡来したと考えられる植物。
「帰化植物」：人為的な手段で持ち込まれた植物のうちで、野外で勝手に生育するようになったもの。
「外来植物」：国外から導入された植物。
それぞれを掘り下げていくことで、
日本人はどのようにして食料を確保してきたか、
どのような植物が帰化して生態系に影響を及ぼしているのか、
どのような植物をどんな目的をもって輸入してきたのかなど、様々なことを知ることができます。
また、「史前帰化植物」は食べられるものも多くあるので、良く調べた上で食べてみるのも面白いかもしれません。
次の散歩は「史前帰化植物」「帰化植物」「外来植物」を少し意識しながら歩いてみるのも楽しいのではないでしょうか。
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