「先祖返り」という言葉を聞いたことはありますでしょうか？
街を歩いていると色々な植物がありますが、先祖返りとは、植物を育てるうちにその状態が原種に近い状態に戻ってしまうことを言います。
その「先祖返り」ですが、原因や対策、注意した方が良いことはあるのでしょうか？
今日はその「先祖返り」について詳しく見ていきます。
先祖返りは、観賞用の植物だけでなく、野菜や動物にも起こる現象です。
また、街を歩いているだけでも「先祖返り」をしている植物に出会うことがあるので、
覚えておくと面白い発見があるかもしれません。
「先祖返り」とは植物のどんな状態？
「先祖返り」とは、親に出なかった先祖の特徴が子に出る現象をいいます。
植物の場合、品種改良されたものが、もともとの野生種に戻ってしまうことがあります。
例えば、斑入りの観葉植物が緑色の葉になったり、キュウリやスイカが苦くなったりすることがあります。
これは、植物にストレスを与えるとなりやすい傾向があるそうです。
先祖返りは病気ではない？
先祖返りは病気ではありません。
遺伝的な現象で、親に出なかった先祖の特徴が子に出ることです。
先祖返りは、劣性遺伝子の分離や補足遺伝子の組み合わせ、突然変異や遺伝子の組換えなど、さまざまな原因で起こります。
先祖返りは、人間だけでなく、動物や植物にも見られる現象です。
野菜の「先祖返り」は要注意
野菜が先祖返りするのには注意が必要です。
先祖返りとは、品種改良された作物が、もともとの野生種に近い形や性質に戻ることです。
先祖返りした野菜は、食用に適さないものや有毒成分を含む危険なものになることがあります。
先祖返りする原因は、さまざまですが、環境の変化や交雑、突然変異などが考えられます。
先祖返りを防ぐには、品種ごとに距離をとって栽培したり、種子を適切に保存したりすることが大切です。
先祖返りした野菜を見分ける一番のポイントは、「苦味」です。
品種改良された野菜は、苦味を減らすように選抜されてきましたが、野生種は苦味を持つことで害虫や動物から身を守っています。
もし、野菜に苦味がある場合は、食べないようにしましょう。
苦みの正体である「ククルビタシン」
ククルビタシンは毒です。
ウリ科の野菜や果物に含まれるステロイドの一種で、苦味の原因になりますが、
食べ過ぎると腹痛や下痢などの食中毒症状を引き起こすこともあります。
特にズッキーニやヘチマ、ヒョウタンなどに多く含まれる場合があります。
ククルビタシンは植物が成長する際に栄養不足や収穫時期の遅れ、病気や害虫などによって生成されやすくなります。
また、植物はこれらの物質を持つことで自分を守ろうとしている場合もあります。
ククルビタシンは抗腫瘍作用を有するという報告もありますが、その効果はまだ確立されていません。
苦味の強いウリ科の野菜や果物は食べない方が無難です。
先祖返りの原因は？
植物の先祖返りとは、交配や突然変異によって品種改良された植物が、交配前の品種や野生種に戻ってしまう現象です。
例えば、ウリ科の植物は先祖返りを起こしやすく、キュウリやスイカ、ズッキーニなどが野生種に近い形や味になることがあります。
このような植物は食用に適さない場合が多く、苦味があるものは有毒成分を含んでいる可能性があります。
先祖返りは、一代交配種（F1）で起こることが多いとされています。
一代交配種とは、異なる品種の親から作られた子供のことで、親よりも優れた特徴を持つことが多いです。
しかし、一代交配種の子供は親の遺伝子をランダムに受け継ぐため、元の品種に戻ったり、不安定な形質を示したりすることがあります。
「先祖返り」を防ぐ方法はあるの？
先祖返りを防ぐ方法は、明確には分かっていないようです。
ただ、先祖返りしやすい条件として、光線不足や根詰まりなどが挙げられます。
これらの条件は、植物にストレスを与えて先祖返りを引き起こす可能性があるからです。
ですから、先祖返りを防ぐためには、植物に適した環境を用意してあげることが大切です。
具体的には、以下のようなことに気をつけてください。
日照の確保：
植物によって日照量の好みは異なりますが、一般的には明るい場所で管理することが望ましいです。
特に斑入り植物は、日照不足で斑が消えたり薄くなったりすることがあります。
ただし、直射日光は葉焼けの原因になるので注意してください。
根詰まりの防止：
植物が生長すると根が鉢の中で広がっていきます。
根が鉢いっぱいになると根詰まりという状態になり、水や養分の吸収が悪くなります。
根詰まりを防ぐためには、定期的に植え替えを行うことが必要です。
植え替えのタイミングは、春から夏にかけてが適しています。
水やりの調節：
水やりは植物の生育に欠かせませんが、やりすぎると根腐れや病気の原因になります。
水やりの量や頻度は、季節や気温、湿度などによって変わります。
一般的には、土の表面が乾いたら水やりをするくらいで十分です。
多肉植物などは乾燥気味に管理することが望ましいです。
以上のようなことを心がけて、植物に快適な環境を提供してあげましょう。
植物だけではない「先祖返り」
植物だけでなく、動物も先祖返りすることがあります。
先祖返りとは、交配や突然変異によって進化した形質が、遺伝子の組み合わせや環境の影響で、元の形質に戻ってしまう現象です。
例えば、ヤツメウナギに腹びれがある場合などが先祖返りと考えられます。
先祖返りは、生物の進化の歴史を知る上で貴重な手がかりになることがあります。
人間も「先祖返り」するの？
人間も先祖返りすることがあります。
先祖返りとは、進化の過程で消失した遺伝上の形質が、何代かを経て突然現れることを指します。
例えば、人間に尾が生じたり、副乳があったり、全身に毛が生えたりする場合などが先祖返りと考えられます。
これらの現象は、遺伝子の組み合わせや突然変異などによって起こるもので、祖先の形質に偶然に符合する場合もあります。
先祖返りは、隔世遺伝の一種とも言えます。
先祖返りしやすい植物の種類
先祖返りとは、親に出なかった先祖の特徴が子に出る現象をいいます。
人間でいえば隔世遺伝と似たようなものでしょう。
斑入り観葉植物は、もともと基本種が何らかの原因で葉緑素を失った変異種です。
このため先祖返りで突然、緑色の葉が生えてくることがあります。
また、カイズカイブキは、スギの原種から品種改良されたものですが、一部の枝だけ尖ったスギ葉に戻ってしまうことがあります。
これらの植物は、環境やストレスなどの影響で先祖返りしやすい傾向があるようです。
「「先祖返り」とは植物のどんな状態？」についてのまとめ
先祖返りは、長い時間をかけて変化してきた特徴が、変化前の特徴に戻ってしまうことを言います。
鑑賞用の植物は見た目が変化してしまうだけに留まるのですが、野菜が先祖返りしてしまうと苦味などの味が出てしまうことがあり、
それは人間にとって「毒」になる場合もあります。
防ぐためには植物にとっての快適な状態を保つことが大切であり、
適切な日照、適切な水分量、適切な風通し、適切な栄養分量などを確保することが必要です。
また、街中を散歩していてもその一部だけが周りとは違った見た目の植物があったらそれは「先祖返り」かもしれません。
先祖返りは生物の進化を読み解く手掛かりになる場合も少なくなく、
一度じっくり観察してみるのも面白いかもしれませんね。
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