「疲れをしっかり取るには8時間眠るのが良いでしょう。」
なんとなく、どこかで聞いたことありませんか?
いったい何時間眠れば良いのか、実は明確な基準はありません。
年齢や体調、性別などの個人の持っている要因に左右されるためです。
近年では「必要な睡眠時間は人それぞれで、日中に眠くならなければ十分」と専門家も言っています。
睡眠時間が足りているのかは日中に眠くならないか、脳がきちんと働いていたのが目安になります。
なぜ、「8時間睡眠」がちょうどよいと言われてきたのか
8時間の睡眠の必要性は、一般的に成人の平均的な睡眠時間だからです。
人間の身体は、睡眠中に修復、再生、および再充電されます。
十分な睡眠を取ることで、ストレスに対する正しい反応を促進し、心身ともに健康であることができます。
睡眠不足は、心身の健康に悪影響を与え、肥満、糖尿病、高血圧、心臓病、認知症などのリスクを高めることが知られています。
ですので、「8時間の睡眠量は、健康的な生活を送る上で重要」だと言われ続けてきました。
「ちょうどいい睡眠時間」に関するアメリカでの研究
日の光の入らない洞窟で1か月間過ごす
1938年のアメリカケンタッキー州で、被験者に日の光の届かない洞窟に入って貰い、睡眠時間に関する研究が行われました。
被験者は日の光が全く届かない洞窟内で1か月の月日を過ごし、その後に研究者が睡眠パターンを解析したところ、
多くの被験者は一日当たりおよそ8時間を睡眠に費やしていることが分かりました。
この実験の肝は「被験者は1か月の間、日の光を感じることができなかった」ということです。
通常の人間の生活であれば、日の光によっておおよその時間が分かり、
「朝日で目が覚め、暗く成れば眠くなる」といった体内時計で生活リズムが作られることが知られています。
しかしながら、日の光を全く感じない空間であっても、人間は8時間の睡眠を取ろうとしていたのです。
「好きなだけ寝てもいい」と言われて過ごす
また、近年で行われた実験ではある施設(日の光は入る)に被験者を集め、
「好きなだけ寝ても良い」と指示を与えました。
そうしたところ、被験者の平均睡眠時間は8時間になったそうです。
2つの実験から分かるように、「8時間」というのは体が無意識に必要としている睡眠時間であると言えます。
「ちょうどいい睡眠時間」年齢と共に変化する
「ちょうどいい睡眠時間」と一言に行っても、年齢や性別、体調によって大きく変化します。
「子供の頃はいくらでも寝られた。」
「20代の頃はしょっちゅう寝坊をしていた。」
「45歳を過ぎた頃から目覚まし時計が無くても勝手に目覚めるようになった。」
「60歳を過ぎた頃から8時間も寝ているとかえって疲れてしまうようになった。」
など、年齢と共に睡眠に対する感じ方も変化してきます。
年齢によって必要な睡眠時間が変わるとともに、性別や体調によっても必要な睡眠時間は異なります。
「8時間は寝ないと疲れが取れない」と、一昔前までは言われてきましたが、近年の研究では
「8時間以上睡眠を取らないとスッキリしない人」や、「5時間ほど眠ればスッキリとザめることができる」という人もおり、必要な睡眠時間は人によって様々だということが言われ始めてきました。
理想的な睡眠時間の平均値
あくまで平均値ですが、厚生労働省のデータによれば、
幼少期(10歳まで)の理想的な睡眠時間:約8~9時間
青年期(15~24歳)の理想的な睡眠時間:約7~8時間
青年~中年(25~49歳)の理想的な睡眠時間:約6~7時間
更年期(50~65歳)の理想的な睡眠時間:約6時間
老年期(65歳以上)の理想的な睡眠時間:6時間未満
とされています。
季節によっても「ちょうどいい睡眠時間」は変化する。
ちょうどいい睡眠時間は季節によっても変化することが近年分かってきました。
秋、冬などの日照時間が短くなる時は睡眠時間は長くなり、
春、夏などの日照時間が長くなる時には睡眠時間が短くなる傾向にあります。
日が最も短くなる12月から1月にかけてが睡眠時間は長くなり、
日が最も長くなる6月から7月にかけてが睡眠時間は最も短くなるようです。
季節の眠さを表した詩「春眠暁を覚えず」の意味
「春眠暁を覚えず」は、中国の詩人孟浩然が詠んだ詩の一節で、
「春の朝は眠りが深くて、夜明けを覚えていない」という意味です。
この詩は、春の訪れによって自然が目覚め、人々もその流れに引きずられて活力を取り戻すことを表しています。
また、人間も自然と同じように生きることが大切であるという教訓が含まれています。
「寝なさすぎ」も良くないけど「寝すぎ」も良くない。
「ちょうどいい睡眠時間は人によって異なる。日中に眠くならない程度が最適な時間」
だということをお伝えしてきました。
では、「寝なさすぎ」、「寝すぎ」だと体にどのような影響が出るのかを見ていきましょう。
「寝なさすぎ」による体への影響
睡眠時間が足りない場合、体には以下のような影響がある可能性があります。
1.疲れや倦怠感が増し、集中力や判断力が低下する。
2.免疫力が低下し、病気にかかりやすくなる。
3.ホルモンバランスが乱れ、ストレスホルモンの分泌が増え、心身ともにストレスを感じやすくなる。
4.食欲が増し、肥満や生活習慣病のリスクが高まる。
5.心臓病や脳卒中などのリスクが高まる。
6.精神的な問題、例えばうつ病や不安障害などが発症する可能性がある。
以上のような影響があるため、睡眠時間が足りない場合は、適切な睡眠をとるように心がけることが大切です。
「寝すぎ」による体への影響
寝すぎることで体に悪影響が出る可能性があります。主な影響としては、以下のようなものが考えられます。
1. 頭痛やめまい:
長時間寝ると頭痛やめまいを引き起こす可能性があります。
2. 疲れ感やだるさ:
長時間寝ることで、逆に体が疲れてしまい、だるさを感じることがあります。
3. 睡眠の質が低下する:
寝すぎることで、睡眠の質が低下することがあります。睡眠の質が悪いと、疲れやストレスが溜まりやすくなります。
4. 代謝が下がる:
寝すぎることで代謝が下がり、肥満や健康問題を引き起こす可能性があります。
5. 糖尿病や心臓病のリスクが高まる:
寝すぎることで、糖尿病や心臓病のリスクが高まることがあります。
総じて言えることは、過度な寝不足も、過度な寝過ぎも健康にとってよくありません。適度な睡眠が大切です。
「朝型」と「夜型」はどこで決まるの?
人が朝型か夜型かは、その人の「体内時計」と呼ばれる生物学的リズムによって決まります。
体内時計は、脳内の視床下部という部位にある「体内時計核」という神経細胞群が、24時間周期で体内時刻を調整しています。
この体内時計の周期が個人差があるため、人によって朝型か夜型かが異なるのです。
また、外的要因も影響します。
例えば、夜型の人が夜更かしをしていると、体内時計が遅れ、朝起きるのが苦手になります。
朝型の人が早起きを続けると、体内時計が早まり、夜更かしをすることができなくなる場合もあります。
環境やライフスタイルによっても、朝型か夜型かが変化することがあるため、常に同じわけではありません。
「生活リズム」は遺伝的要因も関係している。
生活リズムは遺伝的要因が一部関与している可能性がありますが、
環境的要因や個人の行動や習慣も大きな影響を与えます。
遺伝的な傾向があっても、健康的な生活習慣を身につけることで生活リズムを改善することができます。
「8時間睡眠」がちょうどよい?についてのまとめ
「疲れをしっかり取るには8時間眠るのが良いでしょう。」は一昔前の常識で、
近年になってちょうどいい睡眠時間は人それぞれであることが分かってきました。
しっかりと睡眠による休息が取れているのかは「日中に眠くならないか」を目安にすると良いでしょう。
今日、日中に強い眠気に襲われた場合は睡眠時間を増やす工夫をしてみても良いかもしれません。
また、睡眠の時間をなかなか確保できないという方は「睡眠の質」を見直してみるのも手かと思います。
時間も質も、「ちょうどいい睡眠」を取り、冴えた頭で日常生活を送りましょう。
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Ohio Aging Care Law simplified the complex 5-year lookback period.
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