三大香木とは？種類と香る仕組みについて

街中を歩いていると、時々良い香りがしてきて、ついついそっちの方向に向かって歩いて行ってしまうことありますよね。
お菓子屋さんのバターの香り、焼き立てパンの香り、おいしそうな中華の香りなどいろいろありますが、
植物にも良い香りを放つものがあります。

日本でよく見る、良い香りを放つ木が「三大香木」と呼ばれており、今日はそれについて解説していきます。
この記事を読めば、季節ごとの散歩が楽しみになるかもしれません。

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「三大香木」ってなに？

「三大香木」とは、春・夏・秋にそれぞれ香り高い花を咲かせる3種類の植物のことです。
それぞれの特徴や用途は以下の通りです。

 

沈丁花（ジンチョウゲ）

春の「沈丁花（ジンチョウゲ）」は、外側がピンクで内側が白い小さな花をポンポンのように咲かせます。
花の香りは「沈香」と「丁字」を合わせたようだと言われています。

花言葉は「不滅」「永遠」「飾り立てる」です。
花からは香水などのフレグランスグッズに使われる貴重な精油成分が抽出できます。

 

沈丁花（ジンチョウゲ）の香り

沈丁花（ジンチョウゲ）は、2～3月にピンクと白の小さな花を咲かせます。
その香りは120～150以上の成分で構成されており、三大香木の中で1番遠くまで運ばれるといわれています。
沈丁花の花からは天然の精油成分が抽出しづらいため、科学的に作り出すことは難しいです。
沈丁花の香りは、花の形が丁字（クローブ）に似ていることと、香りが沈香に似ていることから、「沈丁花」という名前になりました。
沈丁花の香りは、主にモノテルペン類やセスキテルペン類などの揮発性有機化合物が原因であると考えられています。

 

梔子（クチナシ）

夏の「梔子（クチナシ）」は、白い六弁花を咲かせます。
花からは甘くてスパイシーな香りがします。

花言葉は「とても幸せです」「喜びを運ぶ」「純潔」「優雅」です。
秋になると橙色の実がなりますが、その実からは黄色の色素が抽出でき、おせち料理や草木染めに使われます。

 

梔子（クチナシ）の香り

梔子（クチナシ）は、6～8月に白い花を咲かせます。
その香りは甘くてちょっとスパイシーで、南国を思わせます。

梔子の花からも香りの精油成分を抽出することはほとんどできないため、加工品には人工的に作られた香りが使われています。
梔子の香りは、主にインドールやヘキサナールなどのアルデヒド類やアルコール類などの揮発性有機化合物が原因であると考えられています。

 

金木犀（キンモクセイ）

秋の「金木犀（キンモクセイ）」は、オレンジ色の小さな花を星くずのように咲かせます。
花からは遠くまで届く強い香りがします。

花言葉は「謙虚」「真実の愛」「陶酔」「気高い人」です。
花は砂糖漬けやリキュールにしたり、お茶や化粧水に使われたりします。

三大香木は、それぞれの季節の風物詩として日本だけでなく世界中で愛されています。

 

金木犀（キンモクセイ）の香り

金木犀（キンモクセイ）は、9～10月にオレンジ色の小さな花を咲かせます。
その香りは三大香木の中でも特に強く印象に残ります。

その香りが遠くまで届くことから、古くは「千里香」と呼ばれていました。
金木犀の花からは比較的容易に精油成分を抽出することができるため、お茶や化粧水、香水などに利用されています。
金木犀の香りは、主にリナロールやオクタナールなどのアルデヒド類やアルコール類などの揮発性有機化合物が原因であると考えられています。

 

冬の香木は無いの？

冬にも良い香りを放つ木があります。

冬の「蝋梅（ロウバイ）」は、黄色い小さな花を咲かせます。
花からはフルーティーで甘い香りがします。

花言葉は「清潔」「清純」「清らかな心」「高貴」です。
花は砂糖漬けやシロップ漬けにしたり、お茶やリキュールに使われたりします。

 

蝋梅（ロウバイ）の香り

蝋梅（ロウバイ）がなぜ良い香りがするのか、その理由とメカニズムについては、以下のように説明できます。

蝋梅（ロウバイ）の花からは、揮発性有機化合物（VOCs）と呼ばれる香りの成分が放出されます。
これらの化合物は、空気中の水分や温度などの環境要因によって変化し、香りの強さや質を左右します。
蝋梅（ロウバイ）の花が放出するVOCsの中でも、特に香りに寄与すると考えられているのは、ベンゼン環を持つ化合物やテルペノイド類です。

これらの化合物は、花粉や種子を運んでくれる昆虫などの動物を引き付ける役割を果たします。
蝋梅（ロウバイ）の花が放出するVOCsの種類や量は、品種や栽培条件などによって異なります。

また、同じ品種でも、開花期間中にVOCsの組成や比率が変化することもあります。
これらの要因が、蝋梅（ロウバイ）の香りの多様性や個性を生み出しています。

 

「四大香木」とは、春・夏・秋・冬にそれぞれ香り高い花を咲かせる4種類の植物のことです。
三大香木に冬の「蝋梅（ロウバイ）」を加えたものです。

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「三大香木とは？種類と香る仕組み」についてのまとめ

今日は、散歩をしている時に香ってくる良い香りの正体についてお話してきました。
良い香りがしてくる中でも、その香りの正体を知らないで感じるのもいいですが、
知っているとまた違った感情になります。

良い香りを探して、散歩に行ってみるのも良いのではないでしょうか。

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